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Many JavaScript built-in functions support an arbitrary number of arguments.

For instance:

• Math.max(arg1, arg2, ..., argN) -- returns the greatest of the arguments.
• Object.assign(dest, src1, ..., srcN) -- copies properties from src1..N into dest.
• ...and so on.

In this chapter we'll learn how to do the same. And, more importantly, how to feel comfortable working with such functions and arrays.

Rest parameters ...

A function can be called with any number of arguments, no matter how it is defined.

Like here:

function sum(a, b) {
return a + b;
}

alert( sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) );


There will be no error because of "excessive" arguments. But of course in the result only the first two will be counted.

The rest parameters can be mentioned in a function definition with three dots .... They literally mean "gather the remaining parameters into an array".

For instance, to gather all arguments into array args:

function sumAll(...args) { // args is the name for the array
let sum = 0;

for (let arg of args) sum += arg;

return sum;
}

alert( sumAll(1, 2) ); // 3
alert( sumAll(1, 2, 3) ); // 6


We can choose to get the first parameters as variables, and gather only the rest.

Here the first two arguments go into variables and the rest go into titles array:

function showName(firstName, lastName, ...titles) {
alert( firstName + ' ' + lastName ); // Julius Caesar

// the rest go into titles array
// i.e. titles = ["Consul", "Imperator"]
}

showName("Julius", "Caesar", "Consul", "Imperator");


The rest parameters gather all remaining arguments, so the following does not make sense and causes an error:

function f(arg1, ...rest, arg2) { // arg2 after ...rest ?!
// error
}


The ...rest must always be last.

The "arguments" variable

There is also a special array-like object named arguments that contains all arguments by their index.

For instance:

function showName() {

// it's iterable
// for(let arg of arguments) alert(arg);
}

// shows: 2, Julius, Caesar
showName("Julius", "Caesar");

// shows: 1, Ilya, undefined (no second argument)
showName("Ilya");


In old times, rest parameters did not exist in the language, and using arguments was the only way to get all arguments of the function, no matter their total number.

And it still works, we can use it today.

But the downside is that although arguments is both array-like and iterable, it's not an array. It does not support array methods, so we can't call arguments.map(...) for example.

Also, it always contains all arguments. We can't capture them partially, like we did with rest parameters.

So when we need these features, then rest parameters are preferred.

Arrow functions do not have \"arguments\"

If we access the arguments object from an arrow function, it takes them from the outer "normal" function.

Here's an example:

function f() {
let showArg = () => alert(arguments[0]);
showArg();
}

f(1); // 1

As we remember, arrow functions don't have their own this. Now we know they don't have the special arguments object either.

We've just seen how to get an array from the list of parameters.

But sometimes we need to do exactly the reverse.

For instance, there's a built-in function [Math.max](mdn:js/Math/max) that returns the greatest number from a list:

alert( Math.max(3, 5, 1) ); // 5


Now let's say we have an array [3, 5, 1]. How do we call Math.max with it?

Passing it "as is" won't work, because Math.max expects a list of numeric arguments, not a single array:

let arr = [3, 5, 1];

*!*
*/!*


And surely we can't manually list items in the code Math.max(arr[0], arr[1], arr[2]), because we may be unsure how many there are. As our script executes, there could be a lot, or there could be none. And that would get ugly.

*Spread operator* to the rescue! It looks similar to rest parameters, also using ..., but does quite the opposite.

When ...arr is used in the function call, it "expands" an iterable object arr into the list of arguments.

For Math.max:

let arr = [3, 5, 1];

alert( Math.max(...arr) ); // 5 (spread turns array into a list of arguments)


We also can pass multiple iterables this way:

let arr1 = [1, -2, 3, 4];
let arr2 = [8, 3, -8, 1];

alert( Math.max(...arr1, ...arr2) ); // 8


We can even combine the spread operator with normal values:

let arr1 = [1, -2, 3, 4];
let arr2 = [8, 3, -8, 1];

alert( Math.max(1, ...arr1, 2, ...arr2, 25) ); // 25


Also, the spread operator can be used to merge arrays:

let arr = [3, 5, 1];
let arr2 = [8, 9, 15];

*!*
let merged = [0, ...arr, 2, ...arr2];
*/!*

alert(merged); // 0,3,5,1,2,8,9,15 (0, then arr, then 2, then arr2)


In the examples above we used an array to demonstrate the spread operator, but any iterable will do.

For instance, here we use the spread operator to turn the string into array of characters:

let str = "Hello";


The spread operator internally uses iterators to gather elements, the same way as for..of does.

So, for a string, for..of returns characters and ...str becomes "H","e","l","l","o". The list of characters is passed to array initializer [...str].

For this particular task we could also use Array.from, because it converts an iterable (like a string) into an array:

let str = "Hello";

// Array.from converts an iterable into an array


The result is the same as [...str].

But there's a subtle difference between Array.from(obj) and [...obj]:

• Array.from operates on both array-likes and iterables.
• The spread operator operates only on iterables.

So, for the task of turning something into an array, Array.from tends to be more universal.

Summary

When we see "..." in the code, it is either rest parameters or the spread operator.

There's an easy way to distinguish between them:

• When ... is at the end of function parameters, it's "rest parameters" and gathers the rest of the list of arguments into an array.
• When ... occurs in a function call or alike, it's called a "spread operator" and expands an array into a list.

Use patterns:

• Rest parameters are used to create functions that accept any number of arguments.
• The spread operator is used to pass an array to functions that normally require a list of many arguments.

Together they help to travel between a list and an array of parameters with ease.

All arguments of a function call are also available in "old-style" arguments: array-like iterable object.

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